Indian Scripts Phonetic Comparison Table

 This table maps the phonetic sounds of the Indian alphabet across major scripts, using the actual letters/alphabets for English and Swedish 

1. Vowels (Swaras)

Sound (Phonetic)	Hindi	Odia	Malayalam	Tamil	English	Swedish
a	अ	ଅ	അ	அ	a	a
ā	आ	ଆ	ଆ	ஆ	a / aa	a
i	इ	ଇ	ഇ	இ	i	i
ī	ई	ଈ	ഈ	ஈ	ee / i	i
u	उ	ଉ	ഉ	ഉ	u	u
ū	ऊ	ଊ	ഊ	ஊ	oo / u	u
e (short)	-	-	എ	எ	e	e
ē (long)	ए	ଏ	ഏ	ஏ	e / ay	e
ai	ऐ	ଐ	ഐ	ஐ	ai / y	aj
o (short)	-	-	ഒ	ஒ	o	å
ō (long)	ओ	ଓ	ଓ	ஓ	o	o
au	औ	ଔ	ഔ	ஔ	au / ow	au
r̥ (vocalic)	ऋ	ଋ	ഋ	-	ri	-

2. Consonants (Vyanjanas)

Gutturals (K-Varga)

Sound	Hindi	Odia	Malayalam	Tamil	English	Swedish
ka	क	କ	ക	க	k	k
kha	ख	ଖ	ഖ	(க)	kh	-
ga	ग	ଗ	ଗ	(க)	g	g
gha	घ	ଘ	ഘ	(க)	gh	-
ṅa	ङ	ଙ	ങ	ங	ng	ng

Palatals (Ch-Varga)

Sound	Hindi	Odia	Malayalam	Tamil	English	Swedish
ca	च	ଚ	ଚ	ச	ch	tj / kj
cha	छ	ଛ	ഛ	(ச)	chh	-
ja	ज	ଜ	ଜ	(ச/ஜ)	j	j
jha	झ	ଝ	ഝ	(ச)	jh	-
ña	ञ	ଞ	ഞ	ஞ	ny	-

Retroflex (T-Varga)

Sound	Hindi	Odia	Malayalam	Tamil	English	Swedish
ṭa	ट	ଟ	ട	ட	t	rt
ṭha	ठ	ଠ	ഠ	(ட)	th	-
ḍa	ड	ଡ	ഡ	(ட)	d	rd
ḍha	ढ	ଢ	ഢ	(ட)	dh	-
ṇa	ण	ଣ	ണ	ண	n	rn

Dentals (Th-Varga)

Sound	Hindi	Odia	Malayalam	Tamil	English	Swedish
ta	त	ତ	ତ	த	t	t
tha	थ	ଥ	ଥ	(த)	th	-
da	द	ଦ	ଦ	(த)	d	d
dha	ध	ଧ	ଧ	(த)	dh	-
na	न	ନ	ନ	ந	n	n

Labials (P-Varga)

Sound	Hindi	Odia	Malayalam	Tamil	English	Swedish
pa	प	ପ	ପ	ப	p	p
pha	फ	ଫ	ഫ	(ப)	ph / f	f
ba	ब	ବ	ବ	(ப)	b	b
bha	भ	ଭ	ଭ	(ப)	bh	-
ma	म	ମ	ମ	ம	m	m

Semi-vowels & Liquids

Sound	Hindi	Odia	Malayalam	Tamil	English	Swedish
ya	य	ଯ	ଯ	ய	y	j
ra	र	ର	ର	ர	r	r
la	ल	ଲ	ଲ	ல	l	l
va / wa	व	ୱ	വ	வ	v / w	v
ḷa	ळ	ଳ	ള	ள	l	-
ḻa	-	-	ഴ	ழ	zh	-
ra (hard)	-	-	റ	ற	r	-

Sibilants & Aspirate

Sound	Hindi	Odia	Malayalam	Tamil	English	Swedish
śa	श	ଶ	ଶ	(ச/ஷ)	sh	sj
ṣa	ष	ସ	ష	ஷ	sh	-
sa	स	ସ	ସ	(ச)	s	s
ha	ह	ହ	ହ	ஹ	h	h

Summary of Differences

• Aspirated Consonants: English and Swedish do not have separate letters for aspirated sounds (like Kha, Gha, Bha). We usually represent them in English by adding an 'h'.

• Retroflexes: Swedish uses the letter combinations rt, rd, and rn to create the same retroflex tongue position used for the Indian ṭa, ḍa, and ṇa.